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Powertrain sizing of electric motor in south africa automotive vehicles.

Iwọn Powertrain ti ọkọ ina mọnamọna ni awọn ọkọ ayọkẹlẹ adaṣe guusu Afirika

Powertrain sizing of electric motor in south africa automotive vehicles.

We assess the concept of electrically supercharged internal combustion engines, where the supercharger, consisting of a compressor and an electric motor, draws electric power from a buffer (a battery or a supercapacitor). In particular, we investigate the scenario of downsizing the engine, while delivering high power demands by supercharging. Simultaneously, we seek the optimum buffer size that provides sufficient electric power and energy to run the supercharger, such that the vehicle is able to deliver the performance required by a driving cycle representing the typical daily usage of the vehicle. We provide convex modeling steps that formulate the problem as a second order cone program that not only delivers the optimal engine and buffer size, but also provides the optimal control and state trajectories for a given gear selection strategy. Finally, we provide a case study of sizing the engine and the electric buffer for different compressor power ratings.

The three-wheeled vehicle, commonly called an "auto-rickshaw" with a four-stroke petrol, LPG or CNG engine is one of the most common and affordable means of transportation(for hire) in Indian cities. It is a small, highly manoeuvrable vehicle and ideally suited for the narrow and traffic clogged streets of urban India. Electric and hybrid vehicles are particularly suited for use in urban areas since city transportation is mainly characterized by relatively short driving distances, low continuous power requirements, long idling times and high availability of regenerative braking energy. Powertrain sizing of electric motor in south africa automotive vehicles.These characteristics, when carefully incorporated into the design process, create valuable opportunities for developing clean, efficient and cost effective urban vehicle propulsion systems. A novel, low cost, test-bed for experimenting with hybrid propulsion systems for urban areas is developed and presented in this work. The main objective of this work is to study the performance of a parallel hybrid configuration with DC hub motor and an IC engine.

The application of multidisciplinary design optimisation is mostly confined to bi-disciplinary systems such as fluid-structure interaction problems. High fidelity models of three disciplines involving electromagnetic-thermal-structural designs are rare. Here, the multidisciplinary optimisation of such a design is presented. The device comprises a C-shaped iron core and a single coil. The problem is decomposed using a monolithic multidisciplinary feasible architecture. The multidisciplinary analyses involve a single three-dimensional finite element mesh for transient non-linear electromagnetic, non-linear-static thermal, and linear-static structural models. During each multidisciplinary iteration the mesh is linearly morphed. A gradient based optimisation algorithm in combination with a multi-start routine is applied to the constrained mass minimisation problem. Multidisciplinary feasibility is ensured by convergence of a single coupling parameter i.e.

Several tables are presented which provide data on the export and import market for alternating current (AC) electric motors with output exceeding 37.5 watts in South Africa in 2011 including one on the structure of foreign import competition of the said imported electric motors in the country, another on the said exported electric motors from the country, and one on the said imported electric motors in South Africa from various countries including Singapore, Denmark, and Spain.

Iwọn Powertrain ti ọkọ ina mọnamọna ni awọn ọkọ ayọkẹlẹ adaṣe guusu Afirika

The strategy under consideration is based on Stochastic Dynamic Programming. The control law (determining the torque split between the engine and the motor) is computed off-line by solving an infinite horizon optimization problem. It results in a time-invariant state feedback controller function of vehicle acceleration and velocity, battery state of charge and engine state. This controller is first validated in simulation and then implemented in the vehicle electronic control unit. Experimental results highlight the good behavior of the control strategy. During a 35 km urban route, the strategy succeeds in regulating the battery state of charge and judiciously uses the powertrain.

Technology transfer and acquisition have become hotly debated and controversial policy issues. Examination of U.S. policy toward transfer of naval technology to Brazil raises questions of American national security and the validity of the Brazilian requests. Research reveals a history of dependence on the U.S. Powertrain sizing of electric motor in south africa automotive vehicles.Navy and that the Brazilian naval industry also lags behind its military counterparts in domestic production, purchasing most naval equipment from abroad. This paper examines the dependence of the Brazilian Navy on foreign navies and investigates the naval industry production problems. The U.S./Brazilian relationship reveals a partnership that could be reinforced by making U.s. technology transfer policies more flexible.

Hub motors have always been considered as propulsion for electric vehicles, but not widely used due to various negative aspects. One of these is the uncertainty of the effect the added wheel mass has on the stability, safety and comfort of the vehicle. In this paper, frequency analysis as well as simulations of the system is done using a simple model that represents the vehicle suspension system and wheels. The results of the hub driven vehicle are compared to that of a standard vehicle. It is shown that the added wheel mass has no effect on the stability of the vehicle and that the frequency response is within the accepted comfort range.

Pipeline transport is unique among modes of transport in that the pipe, which facilitates freight movement, is both the way and the vehicle, and it is permanently connected to terminals, which facilitate freight storage. This feature makes it the only mode of transport that does not require any materials or goods handling. In view of the facts that pipeline infrastructure is extremely capital intensive and that it has an unprecedented longevity, pipeline transport enjoys the highest level of economies of scale of all modes of transport. This economy is subject to steady and enduring high levels of demand. It is also the only mode of freight transport of which the operations do not require a return journey, whereby joint cost due to empty running is avoided. The commercial transport of crude oil and petroleum products by pipeline and the envisaged new investment in this mode of transport are receiving increased attention in South Africa.

Material Flow Accounting (MFA) provides a framework to address resource management and estimate gross environmental impacts, both spatially and temporally. In this paper, the major flows over the entire life-cycle of zinc are examined for the African continent for the mid-1990s; these include production, fabrication and manufacturing of semi- and finished products, use, and the waste management system. According to the zinc flow model developed in this paper, approximately 236 Gg zinc (236 000 metric tons) was mined annually in Africa. The total flow of zinc in finished products entering use exceeds the zinc flow in discarded products by large amounts. This difference, approximately 0.17 kg Zn/(capita.yr) on average, is added to the in-use reservoir, largely for galvanising applications in domestic construction. Up to 55% of all discarded zinc (excluding mining waste) is recycled. Much of the remaining discarded zinc is diluted into other waste streams, where recovery and recycling are probably not economically feasible.

In a circuit arrangement in motor vehicles in which an electric motor can be connected to a voltage source, a contact is situated in a connecting line of the electric motor and moves into the closed state, and thus switches on a lighting element, when the electric motor moves. As a result, the electric motor can be tested in a particularly simple manner in terms of circuit technology.

A traction unit for motor vehicles comprising an electric motor which operates on the driving shaft of the motor vehicle and comprising a combustion engine operating on the shaft of the electric motor via a switchable disconnecting clutch. In the drive line between electric motor and driving shaft of the motor vehicle, a manual transmission with associated starting and shifting clutch is located.

Iwọn Powertrain ti ọkọ ina mọnamọna ni awọn ọkọ ayọkẹlẹ adaṣe guusu Afirika

An electric starter for internal combustion engines, the starter including an electromagnetic contactor effecting the axial displacement of the pinion between a rest position and an operative position, characterized in that the electromagnet contactor includes a single winding, which winding is connected by one of its ends to the starter switch and by its other end to an auxiliary brush of which the voltage varies between a substantially zero value when voltage is supplied to the winding, and a voltage which is a fraction of the voltage of the armature when the electrical circuit of the starter is connected, by means of the electromagnetic contactor, to the starter battery.

A braking device for automotive vehicles with a movable electrical braking member formed of a pad made as a lever pivoted to the brake pedal body and adapted to effect at first a selective relative pivoting motion with respect to said body in the direction of actuation of the pedal by the vehicle driver until reaching a position of locking the lever for joint rotation with said pedal body and then a joint pivoting motion with the latter, the pivoting motion of the body producing the mechanical braking effect.

This study quantified the impact of future battery electric vehicle (EV) charging on the least-cost electricity generation portfolio in South Africa (RSA). This was done by performing a capacity expansion optimization of the generation fleet for the year 2040. It was assumed that there would be 2.8 million EVs by 2040, informed by global estimates.Powertrain sizing of electric motor in south africa automotive vehicles. Two EV charging scenarios were tested, one using an aggregated fixed charging profile based on existing literature and another where the charging demand was optimized by the power system based on least cost. The results showed that additional capacity was required to meet the demand. For both scenarios, the least-cost capacity investment technologies chosen were the same, although the quantities differed. This indicates that the least-cost technology choice was robust against the charging profiles.

The growing demand for energy in the world causes a lot of pressure on the environment and the resources used to supply the energy. To ensure a continuous, more reliable and environmentally friendly energy supply system the world started to develop alternative technologies including photovoltaic panels, wind turbines and hydrogen fuel cells. The hydrogen fuel cell in combination with batteries has also been used in electric vehicles to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and the strain on crude oil. There is however no control applied on the different energy sources within the electric vehicle system. This project focused on developing a smart controller that would determine the energy source supplying the power demanded by the load. The energy sources include a hydrogen fuel cell, batteries and super-capacitors. The load for the system was simulated on an electronic load using a scaled profile of the power needed by an electronic motor that could be installed in a vehicle.

As the electricity supply sector in developing countries undergoes increasingly rapid restructuring, and technology and fuel choices widen, understanding the environmental implications of investment choices becomes ever more important. The objective of this paper is to expand previous analysis of the external costs of electric power generation in South Africa. We present a quantitative analysis of air pollution impacts on human health, damages from greenhouse gas emissions, and the avoided health costs from electrification, as well as discussing other impacts qualitatively. The central estimate of total external costs is R7.3 billion, or 4.4 cents per unit of coal-fired power generated. Relative to current electricity prices, the external costs are approximately 40 and 20 per cent of industrial and residential tariffs, respectively. We then discuss policy options for addressing these costs, including taxation, tradable permit systems, and integrated resource planning, as well as expanded regional energy trade and the possibility of accessing climate change-related funding.

Iwọn Powertrain ti ọkọ ina mọnamọna ni awọn ọkọ ayọkẹlẹ adaṣe guusu Afirika

In a changing South Africa there is increasing competition for scarce resources for social reconstruction, economic development and environmental benefaction. It is therefore critical that resources are optimally allocated through good management practices. Technology management is seen to play a major role in this regard. This is particularly so for a capital and technology intensive industry such as a power utility. This paper describes the technology management influences in a large power utility and discusses how these may be addressed via the application of the Management of Technology (MOT). The relevant decision making factors and organization characteristics for effective MOT are detailed. It is concluded that MOT should be an integral part of business management in playing a major role in defining the strategic direction and business efficacy of any technology dependent organization.

The demand for electricity in South Africa is expected to double by 2020. To supply this load generation and transmission capacity will have to be expanded. The paper examines three possible future generation scenarios. Each scenario requires a distinctly different transmission expansion programme. The paper emphasises the need for an integrated approach towards the expansion planning of generation and transmission infrastructure. Due to the various options at hand, decisions on new plant can only be made once evaluation of the full cost to the economy and of all the important attributes has been completed.

The growing demand for energy in the world causes a lot of pressure to the environment and the resources used to supply the energy. To ensure a continuous, more reliable and environmentally friendly energy supply system alternative technologies were developed including photovoltaic panels, wind turbines and hydrogen fuel cells. The hydrogen fuel cell in combination with batteries is used in electric vehicles to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and the strain on crude oil. There is however no effective control applied on the different energy sources within the electric vehicle system. This project focused on developing a controller that would determine the energy source supplying the power demanded by the load. The energy sources include a hydrogen fuel cell, batteries and supercapacitors. The load for the system was simulated on an electronic load using a scaled profile of the power needed by an electronic motor that could be installed in a vehicle. The results showed that by using a controller in the system the motor can operate for a longer time than without the controller.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the factors that influence young consumer's acceptance of electronic cars in South Africa. A modified technology acceptance model was adopted in order to develop the research conceptual model that was used to test hypothesised relationships. The research examined the effect that perceived usefulness has on perceived trust and value. Further the relationship that potentially existed between perceived value and trust was also assessed. Lastly the effect of perceived trust, value and risk on the intention to potentially use electric cars was examined. The study was quantitative in nature whereby 380 surveys were self-administered to willing participants selected through probability sampling at the University of the Witwatersrand. To analyse research data structural equation modeling approach was adopted whereby AMOS 23 and SPSS 23 were utilised. A key finding of the study revealed that the perceived usefulness of electric cars was positively related to its perceived value and perceived trust.

Iwọn Powertrain ti ọkọ ina mọnamọna ni awọn ọkọ ayọkẹlẹ adaṣe guusu Afirika

South Africa is a country in the midst of transformation. Political changes within the country, and the ensuing empowerment of the black majority, have created a situation where dramatic improvements are needed in the country's infrastructure in order to enable it to meet the needs of all its people over the coming decades. Largely as a result of the international embargo placed on South Africa during the apartheid era, the South African government became heavily involved in the country's energy sector. This involvement included development of a synfuels program, price controls in the oil sector, monopolies in both upstream and downstream oil sectors, and a strong centralized electric power company. In 1994, South Africa became the eleventh member of the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), an organization which was established in 1980 to synchronize development plans for its member countries. SADC is presently working to formulate a regional energy development plan, and coordinate technical information exchanges and joint research needs.

This electric automobile is so designed, as to obtain a mileage range up to four hundred miles, as compared with present electrics, which attain only a range of forty miles, and this electric automobile attains a speed of sixty miles per hour, as compared with the forty obtained of such cars. Primarily, it consists of a small motor which drives a D.C. generator, which supplies current to drive the car's drive motor. It further includes batteries, which are aided in replenishing their current by a solar cell bank, which produces electricity from the rays of the sun and other light.

The publication contains comments about the future of vehicle drives. The essence of the development of electric drives and the specificity of the construction of electric vehicles are presented. The interest in vehicles powered by electric motors, despite the unquestionable long-term hegemony of vehicles with an internal combustion engine, is growing. This is due to the growing public awareness about the issues of shrinking fossil fuel resources and environmental pollution caused by internal combustion engines. The development of electrotechnics related to computerization gives car designers a wide field to develop the concept of an electric motor. With simultaneous market demand for vehicles with the lowest possible emissions, electric vehicles have found interest in the commercial market, and the value of this industry and the percentage share in the automotive market is gradually increasing.

In order, in a geared motor with a worm gear, consisting of a worm shaft on a rotor shaft extended into a gear-housing part composed of a flanged-on motor-housing part of an electric motor, and of a worm wheel meshing therewith and located in the gear-housing part , to make it possible to do without seal of the latter against moisture relative to the outside, a worm wheel made of POM plastic with admixed slide-modified POM plastic is provided; with an admixture ratio of approximately 20%-50%, advantageously self-locking between the worm wheel and the worm shaft can be guaranteed, even over long operating times, at the conventional pitch angles of the worm shaft .

Iwọn Powertrain ti ọkọ ina mọnamọna ni awọn ọkọ ayọkẹlẹ adaṣe guusu Afirika

The motor is characterised in that it comprises at least one flange integral with the motor shaft and provided with means for centring and retaining the sheet-steel rotor pack , the flange and the centring and retaining means being arranged relative to the motor shaft in such a way as to leave a space in the frame enabling a reducing gear or an electromagnetic clutch to be accommodated. The present invention finds application to electric vehicles.

Accumulators used in electric vehicles being in production to date have the disadvantage of a limited number of charge-discharge cycles (lead-acid accumulators) or high acquisition price (NiMH, Li-Ion) and long full recharge duration. This paper presents a study on a solution to increase the life cycle of a typical battery pack used in automotive applications by recovering the deceleration energy (power generation control) and its storage in a battery of Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC). Electronic module named Start Soft Stop (SSS) allows the control of energy transmitted to the electric motor, including the start and stop phases. The method used has minimal electromagnetic interference due to switching of the power semiconductor device as it passes through zero voltage. EDLC allows rapid storage and release of energy of 300–400A if needed without using the energy stored in the battery system.

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