Public Intentions to Purchase Electric Car in Pakistan.
Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to lead the transition in road transportation from traditional petroleum mobility to electric mobility. Despite many environmental benefits, the market penetration rate of EVs is still low in most developing countries. Recently, Pakistan formulated its first EV policy for 2020–2025 to accelerate EV adoption. This study aims to explore the factors, including environmental concerns, perceived ease of use, effort expectancy, social influence, and perceived facilitating conditions, affecting individuals' behavioral intentions to purchase EVs in Pakistan. The hypotheses were developed based on the literature, and an online questionnaire survey was conducted in Lahore, Pakistan, to collect the relevant data. The partial least square path modeling approach of structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesis. The results confirmed that the environmental concerns, perceived ease of use, and effort expectancy positively affect the public's intentions to use EVs in the future. However, social influence and facilitating conditions did not significantly.
The high use of gasoline and diesel vehicles results in environmental pollution and loss of natural resources. The use of electric vehicles can be socially beneficial and reduce air pollution. In this research study, the main aims are to identify the potential of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in Pakistan using a Stated Preferences (SP) survey. An SP questionnaire was designed using the theoretical framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). This questionnaire consisted of travelers' personal and travel characteristics and various statements designed to address the variables of TPB such as Attitudes Towards the Electric Vehicles, Subjective Norms (SN), Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), and Behavioral Intentions (BI). The behavior items were designed in the context of travelers' willingness to buy and use EVs. Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFAs) were conducted to validate the designed hypotheses related to the variables of TPB. The cross-analysis revealed that there are variations in responses across different occupations, trip distances, travel modes, and vehicle ownership.
Rise in environmental pollution is a critical problem faced by mankind today.Many interventions have been made to reduce the carbon emissions and other greenhouse gases.Interventions,such as the introduction of electric cars,and innovative techniques to harness energy from renewable sources have been implemented.Pakistan is also very focused on exploiting its renewable energy sources and many sources have been identified.Wind energy is considered to have a promising potential and numerous sites have been identified for installation of wind farms.In this paper,we have collected data for the sites with the capacity factor(key determinant of value of power plant)of 25%or above for 600 kW wind turbine and applied Multi-Criteria Decision Method to find the most suitable to least suitable site for the installation of wind farm with respect to different.
Several charts are presented which provide data on export and import market for pneumatic rubber tires for cars, station wagons and racing cars in Pakistan in 2009 which include one on the estimates of the total level of exports and imports on a worldwide basis, another providing details on imports from various countries that serve Pakistan, and one summarizing the level of exports of pneumatic rubber tires originating from the region.
In recent years due to increase awareness on the food value of vegetables, their consumption is increasing gradually. However, vegetables contain toxic and essential elements. Trace metals are important contaminants that found in the tissue and on the surface of vegetables. Trace metals deposition in vegetables are related with many sources such as contaminated air, vehicular emission, re-suspended road dust, small scale industries, brick kilns and diesel generator. Other sources of trace metals in urban and rural areas include industrial effluent, sewage and farm waste leading to contaminated soils and vegetables . Heavy metals, such as Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr) and Mercury (Hg) are environmental pollutants, particularly in areas under waste water irrigation. Trace metals accumulations in vegetables cause a direct threat to human health.
Several charts are presented which provide data on export and import market for non-electric razors in Pakistan in 2009 which include one on the estimates of the total level of exports and imports on a worldwide basis, another providing details on imports from various countries that serve Pakistan, and one summarizing the level of exports of non-electric razors originating from Pakistan.
The widespread adoption of compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) have been advocated on the premise that it will result in significant savings in electricity and reduced carbon emissions. Using a household level survey of electrical lighting and usage in Pakistan, we examine the decision to adopt CFLs and the subsequent impact of CFL adoption on electricity usage. CFL adoption is significantly influenced by variables that proxy for income and the perceived expectations about the life span of CFLs. These findings indicate that policies that educate households on the lifespan of CFLs may prove effective in increasing CFL adoption. However, the savings in electricity usage from CFL adoption is less than expected. We find that 27%–41% of potential energy savings are offset through both enlarged bulb capacity and prolonged lighting time. This behavioral response to the energy efficiency improvement therefore diminishes some of the benefits of promoting CFLs as a means to reduce energy consumption and conserve the environment.
The China shock (massive, often sudden, and sharp increases in imports of cheap Chinese products) has affected many industries producing tradable products in a large number of low-income countries, including those in SSA. Part III of this book ( Chapters 6 and 7 ) explores the issue of how such industries in low-income counties cope with the China shock, based on the case studies of a electric fittings cluster in Pakistan and a leather shoe cluster in Ethiopia. These two cases are intriguing examples of the China shock being successfully overcome by multifaceted innovations.
Pakistan's electricity sector is in crisis: extended periods of blackouts persisted in 2010 and circular debt is increasing. Despite investments in generation capacity, electricity demand continues to exceed supply, with blackouts as long as 8-10 hours per day in cities and sometimes double that in rural areas, and is widely recognized as a severe obstacle to growth and poverty reduction, the government was forced to rent the world's largest power ship to boost generation capacity. Meanwhile, the government of Pakistan's (GOP) inability to finance its commitment to fund subsidies, inefficiencies of the sector entities including low collections, delays in determination and notifications, and increased cost of fuel imports contribute to an increasingly severe circular debt problem. The analysis shows that given the current cost of electricity supply, tariff structure will improve the benefit incidence of electricity subsidies for residential users and reduce fiscal burden significantly in comparison .
Suzuki gains a market share of about 56% which is more than the market share of Honda almost five times. As Suzuki emphasize more on production to meet with market demand they produce small 800cc and 100cc cars which fulfill .Honda lack in gaining this market share so they are behind in production by about 500%. Suzuki lack behind Honda in 1300cc or above cars .But difference is not too much Suzuki joins Honda by Baleno and then liana. But these models don't compete with the latest models of civic and city.
Public Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) has provided funding for 11 activities in Pakistan worth over $3 million, one of which is ongoing. These activities have assisted in sensitizing stakeholders on key constraints and opportunities for private sector participation in infrastructure services, building consensus on policy reforms, identifying opportunities to incorporate international best practices, and enhancing the technical capacity within national electric power regulatory authority, oil and gas regulatory authority, universal service fund company, and the urban unit in Punjab to implement reforms. PPIAF provided support to the government by sponsoring a seminar to build consensus on a coherent policy and program for Public-Private Partnership (PPPs) in infrastructure service delivery. The objective of the seminar was to facilitate discussion between key government policy makers from the planning commission, privatization ministry, finance ministry, ministry of local and provincial governments, national reconstruction bureau.
Environmental sustainability, air pollution and saving natural resources has become the priority of not only government but researchers, practitioners and consumers. The growth in the transport sector uplifts the consumers' living standards but at the same time, deteriorated the environment and polluted the air especially in developing countries like Pakistan. In this regard, the development of hybrid electric vehicles enables consumers to solve their travelling problems with minimum effect on the environment. For this purpose, it becomes essential to understand consumers' intentions regarding hybrid vehicles adoption in Pakistan. Keeping this in mind, an extended model was developed based on Hofstede's cultural value and theory of planned behavior. A total of 558 responses were used for data analysis through PLS-SEM. Results suggested that seven out of eight hypotheses are accepted, and one is rejected. The possible reasons and practical implications of the results are discussed. In the final, limitations and future directions of the research are discussed.
Large-scale EVs acceptance would certainly lead to relieving major issues, including carbon pollution, petroleum dependence, and economic prosperity. However, Pakistan confronting a range of cross-sectoral and multifarious impediments has recently decided to switch from ICEs to EVs with a variety of policy options for auto manufacturers, customers, and worldwide stakeholders. This paper gives a detailed overview of ongoing EVs maturation and addresses some of the main adaptation challenges and opportunities in Pakistan. The review shows that state financial subsidies, market prices, technical malignancy, and social drawbacks are some of the most significant obstacles for EVs to join the current market. Hence, recommendations are stipulated in compliance with the corresponding obstacles to encourage the competence and expansion of the EVs industry which will contribute to more secure futures. On the other hand, Pakistan's transition to EVs offers some exciting milestones, there is a need to adopt a proactive and effective strategy to track the positive aspects.
The conventional cars contain an ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) and the engine purely works on fuel or gasoline. The increase in the number of cars on daily basis and the increased consumption of fuel or gasoline in the past few years forces us to look for the alternatives that can efficiently utilize the fuel or gasoline. Statistics show that the increase in the prices of fuel or gasoline in under developing countries like Pakistan is increasing on day to day basis. For instance the average price of petrol in year 2008 was about 60 Rs while the average price of petrol in year 2012 is found out to be 100 Rs. This immense increase in the fuel prices specifically petrol let people to think of increasing the efficiency of conventional ICE's by integrating an electric motor with it According to the data provided there is nearly 80% increase in the price of petrol considering the last 5 years in Pakistan.
The main objective of this study is to inspect such factors that affect the purchase intention of consumer towards imported Japanese cars and to analyze generally prevailed perception about relative advantage of imported Japanese cars on locally assembled cars. Reliability is used in a sense of trustworthiness as it is the quality of being trustworthy or of performing consistently well. This research emphasizes the impact of four independent variables derived mainly from literature including brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, and brand loyalty. The consumer's purchase intention toward Japanese car in Pakistan is the dependent variable. This study used a questionnaire-based survey and respondents were evaluated on 5 points Likert scale ranging from 1-strongly disagree to 5-strongly agree. Total 165 questionnaires were distributed out of which 150 questionnaires were used. Further in this research convenience based sampling (non-probability) technique was used.
Disease Study estimated that road traffic injuries (RTIs) will become the third leading cause of lost disability-adjusted life years, with two-thirds of the deaths occurring in the least developed nations. Moreover, automobile-based transport systems are associated with air pollution (lead toxicity, asthma and greenhouse gas accumulation), noise disturbances, physical inactivity and obesity. This study reviewed road transport literature in Pakistan and the impacts on health outcomes;examined health policies to assess their focus on transport-related health problems; and identified policy gaps for future research. A methodological review of the literature on direct and indirect effects of road transportation in Pakistan. This review includes government documents, memos, statements and draft policies as well as relevant articles indexed in MEDLINE. A systematic review revealed no approved transport policy in Pakistan, despite three national health policy documents.
This paper analyses various governance attributes with reference to NEPRA (National Electric Power Regulatory Authority), a regulatory authority formed in 1997 to protect consumer interests in the provision of electricity, and to ensure an efficient and competitive environment for the electricity generators and distributors. The aim is to find out the reasons behind the poor performance of the electricity sector in Pakistan. Weak administrative governance in NEPRA is prevalent in the form of lack of autonomy, resulting in the overall institutional inability to carry out the desired functions effectively. In addition, NEPRA is lacking in professional expertise to supervise and control the power sector, and establish a rational and equitable pricing regime.
From last decade, Pakistan is facing the severe problems of energy deficiency. Every year Pakistans government is spending more than 14.5 billion US dollars to import crude oil in order to fulfill the energy gap. Energy demand is increasing rapidly but exploration and use of renewable energy is not meeting the needs of requirements. The unavailability of power in Pakistan lasts for 14–20hper day. In this paper, the potential of biogas is reviewed to meet the energy requirement of Pakistan. One cubic meter of biogas can generate an electrical energy of 2.5KWh. The annual growth rate of livestock sector is 4% in Pakistan and its dung can produce 35.625millionKWh of electric energy per day. We can overcome the energy crisis by efficiently using biogas as an alternative energy source. The installation cost of biogas plant is not only economical but also beneficial in reducing respiratory and eye infections. PCRET has installed 4109 biogas plants across the country which saves average of Rs. 37.925 million per month in terms of kerosene oil, wood, liquefied petroleum gas and bio fertilizer.
Pakistan taking into account the complexity of electric power generation, growth, and complying with multilateral agreements. Systems thinking has been applied to understand the complexity of energy scenario of Pakistan by representing it with a causal loop diagram (CLD) which displays the interconnectedness and feedbacks of the system. Analysis is based on systems archetypes to diagnose the system behavior, i.e., falling into the vicious cycle of coal. A stock-and-flow model was employed to capture dynamics of energy generation quantitatively, indicating that a 5% GDP growth rate could be sustained based on current planning to increase electric power generation in Pakistan. Thus, in order to achieve a 7% GDP growth rate, as targeted in Vision 2025 of Pakistan, energy generation targets would need to be revised in the view of the sensitivity of increase in energy demand associated with GDP growth rate, while ensuring compliance with multilateral agreements.
This work presents the dilemma of shortfall in the supply of electrical energy that is currently faced by Pakistan. The root cause of this shortage in the supply of energy is mentioned in this work. An abridged history as well as the present situation of the electricity production and its consumption in the country is discussed. The electricity generation potential of Pakistan in different sectors to produce energy is viewed. The importance of utilization of coal resources and water resources for the production of electric power is discussed. Pakistan has been blessed with rich and vast renewable energy (RE) resources. These renewable energy resources can play effective and considerable role in contributing towards energy security and energy independence of the country. Some predictions are made on the basis of empirical data and preliminary observations. An estimated forecast of demand and supply of electricity for the next twenty years is also projected in this article.
This research aims to better comprehend & dissect the supply & demand in automotive industry of Pakistan. The primary objective of this study is to delve into casing-works which empowers us to better understand the biggest piece of the overall automotive (car) industry of Pakistan by utilizing interest & expense parameters of automotive items in business sector. The research aims to determine market shares of automotive (car) brands in Pakistani automotive industry. Finding confirms that in Pakistan in automotive or automobile (cars) industry, the Suzuki brand is enjoying the highest market share among the selected/ outlined brands and leading the industry with 29% of market shares. Toyota is enjoying 26% market shares while Honda brand is the third most winning brands in automotive industry in Pakistan with 25% market shares. Further, Nissan, Kia and Daihatsu have 10%, 6% and 4% market shares respectively for the years 2000 to 2019. In developing countries like Pakistan individuals have relatively lower wages, thus a vehicle-purchase decision requires more due-diligence
At the theoretical level, the existing literature on the application of marginal cost pricing is reviewed. Since it is not always possible to implement strict marginal cost pricing, the welfare implications of second best pricing given by the Ramsey pricing model are explored. The Ramsey pricing model is extended to incorporate the lifeline rates and the cots of power outages. Welfare effects of price vs. nonprice rationing are compared. On the empirical side, sector-wise electricity demand functions are estimated for the residential, industrial, commercial, and agricultural consumers in Pakistan. Ramsey numbers are derived for each sector by using the elasticity estimates from these demand functions combined with the prices and marginal cost estimates for each sector. It is determined that the current pricing policy does not follow the Ramsey pricing principles. The welfare losses resulting from divergence of prices from marginal costs are estimated. The problem of power outages in Pakistan is analyzed and its welfare costs are determined.
All over world the electricity market is experiencing restructuring and adopting deregulated industry structure for an efficient and competitive market. In Pakistan the restructuring of power sector started in 1998 with the formation of Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO). In the same year a regulatory authority, National Electric Power Regulatory authority (NEPRA) was put in place. In 2002 the unbundling of power sector occurred and NEPRA issued licenses to 9 distribution companies (DISCOS) and one to National Transmission and Dispatch Company (NTDC) for transmission. However, till now no formal contractual relationship between DISCO and NTDC is present. This paper focuses on development of an electricity trading model in competitive market model by considering all the issues faced by present power traders in Pakistan. Some ideas have been suggested like creation of Power exchange and Independent System Operator (ISO) in Pakistan electricity market to fully deregulate the existing power market of Pakistan.
Availability of electric power has been the most powerful source for assisting economic, industrial and social developments of any state. Electric power is transferred by means of transmission lines which deliver bulk of power from generating stations to load centers and consumers. Studying the various types of loses uncounted during electrical transmission .The losses are either Technical losses or Non-technical Losses. The technical losses consist of the Corona loss, Joule effect, Magnetic Losses and skin effect. While the Non-technical (commercial) losses include, theft of electricity, vandalism to electrical substations, poor meter reading, poor accounting and record keeping, etc. For electric power to get to the final consumers in proper form and quality, transmission and distribution losses along the lines must be reduced to the barest minimum.
Industrial sector is of great significance for the economic growth of every country. The energy crisis in Pakistan has become the prime stumbling block in the economic development of the country. There are many industrial processes that need uninterrupted supply; even a trivial outage can cost millions of dollars. The main cause of "load shedding" in Pakistan is that it produces a major portion of its energy from fossil fuels, whose price and demand is constantly increasing. Most of the customers at industrial and commercial level use Diesel Generator (DiG) as a reliable alternative source of electrical power when grid supply is unavailable. The use of DiG during loading shedding hours would increase the Cost of Energy (COE) per kWh and also enhance environmental emissions. Pakistan has a wide range of renewable power sources like bioenergy, wind, solar, hydel, geothermal etc. The distinct emphasis on the implementation of an industrial microgrid in Faisalabad, Pakistan has been specified in this paper.
Concentrating solar power (CSP) plants produce electrical power by converting the sun's heat energy into high-temperature heat using various mirror configurations which are then pathed through a conventional generator. The plants consist of two parts: one that collects solar energy and converts it to heat, and another that converts heat energy to electricity. This is combinely called solar thermal electric power plant. It is well known that Pakistan is facing energy crises mainly due to the lack of perception and investment onto new emerging technologies that are well proven. Pakistan has an indigenous natural source of heat energy and this can be utilised with by developing CSP plants such as parabolic troughs, power towers, and dish/engines. These technologies can be used to generate electricity for a variety of applications, ranging from remote power systems as small as a few kilowatts up to grid-connected applications of 200-350 megawatts.
Pakistan is suffering from severe energy crisis of the history that results in long hours of power outages. Daily energy demand is around 20000 megawatt (MW) while Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO) just capable to maintain just 12000 MW that leads to electricity shortfall of 6000 MW. UNDP reported that almost 1.3 billion people are living without the electricity and two third of them are from 10 poor countries and unfortunately, Pakistan is ranked at the 4th position. Power outage is the main obstacle of poverty mitigation in developing countries. The main goal of this study is to investigate the main sources of electricity consumption at household level and to evaluate the preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce power outages. We conducted household survey in Faisalabad city, which is the Manchester house of Pakistan, through random sampling technique. Face to face interviews of 150 households were carried out.
THE TERM international telecommunications encom-passes a complex matrix of countries and issues. It is possible to view international telecommunications as merely a hodgepodge of national sys-tems, each reflecting its society's history and economics, and each happily self-contained except for collaborations on technical issues. It is equally possible to see national developments as variations on a single global theme, inexorably driven by an underlying technology that is destiny, such as the convergence of telecommunications and computers. Or One can argue, as this article does, that a common development is changing all the institutions of international telecommunications today: the rent-seeking coalition that provided links of shared economic interests across frontiers is steadily breaking down. Inthis light the turmoil of telecommunications should be understood as nothing more than a normalization-one of the most tightly controlled sectors is becoming more like the rest of the economy, not necessarily deregulated but more "normal."
The most critical concern with respect to the development of driverless vehicle technology is its safety and reliability. Inadequate technological advancements may lead to serious implications especially in terms of loss of human life. Moreover, technological advancements bring socio-technical complexities where the role of human, being the key element of a system, becomes highly important. Benefits of advanced technologies in driverless vehicles cannot be realized properly if safety related concerns have not been appropriately addressed in the design process. One possible way forward is to get feedback from the users of technology and incorporate design requirements accordingly. For acquiring the necessary information on various safety related issues that might be faced by the drivers, this public opinion based survey study has been conducted in China and Pakistan which mainly aims at capturing the public reliance level, perceptions and expectations on driverless vehicle system, more specifically on safety related issues.
The most critical concern with respect to the development of driverless vehicle technology is its safety and reliability. Inadequate technological advancements may lead to serious implications especially in terms of loss of human life. Moreover, technological advancements bring socio-technical complexities where the role of human, being the key element of a system, becomes highly important. Benefits of advanced technologies in driverless vehicles cannot be realized properly if safety related concerns have not been appropriately addressed in the design process. One possible way forward is to get feedback from the users of technology and incorporate design requirements accordingly. For acquiring the necessary information on various safety related issues that might be faced by the drivers, this public opinion based survey study has been conducted in China and Pakistan which mainly aims at capturing the public reliance level, perceptions and expectations on driverless vehicle system, more specifically on safety related issues.
